14 computer programming languages cross referenced.
By Mike Prestwood
This software and database by Mike Prestwood. All original content. If you have corrections or contributions, send them to Mike. Refer to his email at the bottom of the page.
64 topics each covering up to 14 languages.
660 Code Snippets documented so far! (Current goal is 896 code snippets).
This language encyclopedia both documents each language and cross references to either one other language or to several. The goal of the two language cross reference guides is to aid you in learning a new language and maintaining your skills. The goal of the multi-language browser is to help you understand the big picture of coding languages and how your language fits in. This context will make you a better computer programmer.
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How to use it!
Choose a language or category on the left.
Cross Reference Guides
Select a language on the left you wish to know. Then select the cross reference guide for the language you know best. Read content online or print pages using our
Printable Version link located in the upper right of appropriate pages as well as in
the lower right of all pages on our family of websites.
Browse
Select any language or topic on the left and drill-down to a common topic and review. Perhaps return once or twice a week to review various topics.
Linked Posts
When appropriate, topics are linked to more detailed posts in our knowledge base. We use a single
for links within our family of websites and two

for external links.
About Language Types
For discussion in these cross-reference guides, I will categorize languages as follows:
- OOP: Fully Object Oriented supporting developer defined inheritance, encapsulation, and polymorphism and does NOT support procedural coding in any significant way.
- Non-OOP: Procedural or imperative language.
- Hybrid: Both fully OOP and fully non-OOP.
- Object-Based: A non-OOP language that uses objects along with dot notation as part of the library of built-in code routines.
- Class-Based: Language supports creating classes but not inheritance (or at least not full inheritance).